UKPSC Forest Range Officer Syllabus 2022 FRO Exam Pattern

1. Cell Biology – Cell as structural and functional unit of life; ultrastructure  of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, structure and function of plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes, golgi  bodies  and nucleus; cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis, chromosomal morphology and chemistry, numerical and structural changes in chromosomes and their cytological and genetical effects.
2. Genetics – Mendal’s law of inheritance, interaction of genes, linkage and crossing over, genetic recombination in fungi, cyanobacteria, bacteria and viruses,  gene mapping, sex linkage, determination of sex, cytoplasmic inheritance of plastids; development of genetics and gene concept, genetic code; molecular genetics – DNA as genetic material, structure and replication of DNA, role of nucleic acids in protein synthesis (transcription and translation) and regulation of  gene  expression,  mutation and evolution; DNA damage and repair, gene amplification, gene rearrangement, oncogene; genetic engineering-restriction enzyme, cloning vectors (pBR 322,  pTi, lambda phage), gene transfer, recombinant DNA, genomic libraries, application of genetic engineering in human welfare.

• Physiology and Biochemistry – Water relation of plants – absorption, conduction of water and transpiration; mineral nutrition and ion transport, translocation of photosynthates, essential micro and macroelements and their function; chemistry and

classification of carbohydrates; photosynthesis – mechanism and importance, factors affecting photosynthesis, C3 and C4 carbon fixation cycle, photorespiration; plant respiration and fermentation, Kreb’s cycle; enzymes and co-enzymes, mechanism of enzyme action; secondary metabolites (alkaloids, steroids, terpenes, lipids), nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism, structure of protein and its synthesis; plant growth – growth movements and senescence, growth hormones and growth regulators – their structure, role and importance in agriculture and horticulture; physiology of flowering, sexual incompatibility, seed germination and dormancy.

• Ecology – Scope of ecology, ecological factors, plant communities and plant succession; concept of biosphere; ecosystem – structure and function, abiotic and biotic components, flow of energy in the ecosystem, applied aspects of ecology – natural resources and their conservation, endangered, threatened and endemic taxa;  pollution  and its control. 5. Economic Botany – Origin of cultivated plants study of plants as sources of food, fibre, timber, drugs, rubber, beverage, spices, resin and gums, dyes, essential oils, pesticides and biofertilizers, ornamental plants, energy plantation and petrocrops.

CHEMISTRY

SECTION – A

Atomic Structure – Bohr’s model and its limitations, de Broglie equation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum mechanical operators and the  Schrodinger  wave equation, physical significance of wave function and its characteristics (normalized, orthogonal), radial distribution and shapes od s, p, d and f-orbitals, particle in a one- dimensional box, quantization of electronic energies (qualitative treatment of hydrogen atom). Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity, Aufbau principle. Electronic configuration of atoms, Long form of Periodic table including translawrencium elements. Periodicity in properties of the elements such as atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity and  hydration  energy.

Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry – Structure of nucleus  (shell  model),  nuclear  forces, nuclear stability N/P ratio, nuclear binding energy. Kinetics, detection and measurement of radioactivity, Artificial transmutation of elements and  nuclear  reactions, nuclear fission & fusion, radioactive isotopes and their applications. Radio carbon dating, Elementary ideas of radiation chemistry, radiolysis of water and aqueous solutions, unit of radiation chemical yield (G-value), Fricke’s dosimetry.

Chemical Bonding – Valence bond theory  (Heitler-London  and  Pauling-Slater theories), hybridization VSEPR theory and shapes of simple inorganic molecules. Molecular orbital theory, bonding, non-bonding and anti-bonding molecular orbitals, molecular orbital energy level diagrams for homo and hetero nuclear  diatomic  molecules, bond order, bond length and bond strength, sigma and pi -bonds, hydrogen bond, characteristics of covalent bond.

Chemistry of s- and p-Block Elements – General properties of  s-  and  p-block elements, chemical reactivity of elements and group trends, chemical behaviour with respect to their hybrids, halides and oxides.

Chemistry of Transition Elements – General characteristics, variable oxidation states, complex formation, colour, magnetic and catalytic properties. Comparative study of 4d and 5d transition elements with their 3d analogues with respect to their ionic radii, oxidation state and magnetic properties.

Chemistry of Lanthanides and Actinides – Lanthanide contraction, oxidation states, Principles of separation of  lanthanides and  actinides. Magnetic and spectral properties  of their compounds.

Coordination Chemistry – Werner’s theory of coordination  compounds,  IUPAC  system of nomenclature, effective atomic number (EAN) Isomerism in coordination compounds. Valence bond theory and its limitations, Crystal field theory, Crystal field splitting of d-orbitals in octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes. Dq and factors affecting its magnitude, calculation of Crystal field stabilization  energies  (CFSE) for d¹ to d⁹ week and strong field octahedral complexes,  spectrochemical  series. Electronic spectra of 3d-transition  metal complexes, types of electronic transitions, selection rules for electronic  transitions, spectroscopic ground states for  d ¹ to d¹⁰ systems.

Bio-inorganic Chemistry – Essential and trace elements in  biological processes, Metalloporphyrins with special reference to haemoglobin and  myoglobin.  Biological role of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions with special reference to Ca ²⁺.

Preparation, Properties and Uses of the following Inorganic Compounds – Heavy water, boric acid, diborane, hydrazine, hydroxylamine,  potassium  dichromate, potassium permanganate, (Ce(IV) sulphate and titanium (III) sulphate.

Polymers – Number average and weight average, sedimentation, light scattering, viscocity and osmotic pressure methods. Finding molecular weight of polymers.

SECTION – B

General Organic Chemistry – Electronic displacement – inductive, electromeric and messomeric effects, Conjugation and  hyperconjugation. Resonance and  its application to organic compounds. Electrophiles, mucleophiles, carbocations, carbanions and free radicals. Organic acids and bases. Effects of structure on the strength o f organic acids and bases. Hydrogen bond and its effect on the properties of organic compounds.

Concepts of Organic Reaction Mechanism – Mechanism of addition, substitution, elimination reactions and molecular re-arrangements. Mechanism of electrophilic and nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Mechanism of the following reactions; Aldol condensation, Claisen condensation, Beckmann re-arrangement,  Perkin reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Cannizzaro’s reaction, Friedel-Craft’s reaction, Reformatisky’s reaction and Wagner-Meerwein re-arrangement.

Aliphatic Compounds – Chemistry of simple organic compounds belonging  to  following classes with special reference to the mechanisms of the reactions involved therein ; alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, thiols, aldehydes, ketones, a, b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, acids and their derivatives, amines, aminoacids, hydroxyl acids, unsaturated acids and dibasic acids. Synthetic uses of malonic ester, acetoacetic ester, Grignard’s reagent, carbine,  diazomethane and phosphoranes.

Carbohydrates – Classification, configuration and general reaction of simple monosaccharides. Osazone formation, mutarotation, pyranose and furanose structures. Chain lengthening and chain shortening in aldoses and ketoses. Interconversion of glucose and fructose.

Stereochemistry and Conformations – Elements of symmetry, optical and geometrical isomerism in simple organic compounds. Absolute configuration (R &  S),  Configurations of geometrical isomers, E & Z notations. Conformations of mono and disubstituted cyclohexanes. Boat and chair forms.

Aromatic Compounds – Modern structure of benzene ; concept of aromaticity, Huckel rule and its simple application to non-benzenoid aromatic compounds. Activating and deactivating effect of substituent groups, directive influence.

Study of the compounds containing following groups attached to the alkyl and benzene ring – Halogen, hydroxyl, nitro and amino groups. Sulphonic acids, benzaldehyde, salicyldehyde, acetophenone, Benzoic, salicylic, phthalic, cinnamic and mandelic acids.

Naphthalene and Pyridine – Synthesis, structure and important reactions.

Alkaloids – General methods of structure elucidation of alkaloids,  chemistry  of  nicotine.

Organic Polymers – Mechanism of polymerization, polymers of industrial importance, synthetic fibres.

Chemistry of Living Cells – A brief introduction, chemical constituents,  cell membrance, acid-base balance. Diffusion and active transport. Donnan membrance equilibria.

Enzymes and Coenzymes – Nomenclature and characteristics, factors which affect enzyme activity.

NMR Spectroscopy – Principle of PMR, chemical shift, spin-spin  coupling, interpretation of PMR spectra olf simple organic molecules.

Evaluation of Analytical Data – Errors, accuracy and precision, Relative and standard deviation, rejection of doubtful observations, t -test, Q-test.

Solvent Extraction – Distribution law, Craigs concept  of  counter  –  current distribution, important solvent extraction systems.

Chromatography – Classification of chromatographic techniques, general principles of adsorption, partition ion exchange, paper and thin layer chromatography.

Environmental Chemistry – Air pollutants and their toxic effects, depletion of ozone layer Effects of oxides of nitrogen fluorochlorocarbons and their effect on ozone layer, Greenhouse effect, Acid rain.

Computer Science/Computer Application

Section A

Basic Mathematics Element of probability, matrix, algebra, integration, differentiation.

Basic Concepts Analog Vs digital, accuracy, reliability, fastness, character and number representations, decimal, binary, octal, hexadecimal numbers, floating point representation, batch processing, time sharing, multiprogramming, programming language, machine language and high level language, compiler and interpreter, study of commonly used peripherals.

Switching Theory and Digital Design Logic functions, Boolean algebra, simplifications, Gates, implementation of logical functions, design of combinational and sequential circuits, flip-flops, registers, encoder, decoder, code converters, counters, design with integrated circuits including ROM, PLA and multiplexers, microprocessor architecture, programming study of 8085/8086.

Programming and Data structures – Concepts of OOP’s , C++ data types, control statements, procedures, Scope rules, arrays and records, enumerated data types, sets, pointers, recursion. File- sequential, indexed files, sorting and merging report generations. Arrays, queues, linked lists, stacks, tree traversal, evaluation of expressions using postfix notation, sorting algorithms, bubble sort, quick sort, heap sort, complexity of algorithms

Section B

Computer Organization Function organization, machine instructions, addressing modes, introduction to microprocessors, study of 8085/8086 communication between processor and I/O via DMA and interrupt priority, I/O processors, problems associated with bus scheduling. Micro computer memory, virtual memory, basic concepts, problems of virtual memory, page replacements algorithms, cache memory, associative memory. Fundamentals of parallel  processing   and                  its          necessity                         pipelined          processors      and                 multiprocessors.

Systems Programming Editors, loaders, linkers, assemblers, phases of a compiler and their function,  lexical  analysers  and  parsers,  parsing  techniques,  symbol  table,  code  generation.

Operating Systems Batch, Multi-programming and time sharing systems, processor memory, device and file management, virtual memory, process scheduling, inter process communication, I/O redirection, process synchronization and concurrency, deadlocks, prevention, avoidance, detection and recovery, auxiliary storage management, file system functions and its hierarchy.

Data Processing Concepts File organisation techniques: indexing, relational and network data models, study of relational DBMS. Data dictionary, normal forms and query languages.

Computer Networks Data communication concepts, concepts, concepts of LAN, evolution of LAN, OSI – 7 layer reference model and design issues. Physical layer-transmission media, packet and circuit switching, topologies, Data link layer, token passing, sliding window protocols, protocols specification and verification, network layer, routing, congestion control, transport layer, session and presentation layers, design issues, application layer, file transfer, electronic mail.

Software Engineering and Applications Systems analysis, detailed analysis, feasibility study, tools for system designer, input and output design, program definition, module design and design review, structured programming and conversion, testing, training and documentation, systems life

cycle, role of System Analyst. Tools for office Automation, word processing Spreadsheets, , Multimedia systems, Application of computers .

Agricultural Engineering

Section A

• Soil and Water Conservation : Scope of soil and water conservation. Mechanics and types of erosion, their causes. Rainfall, runoff and sedimentation relationships and their measurement. Soil erosion control measures – biological and engineering including stream bank protection-vegetative barriers, contour bunds, contour trenches, contour stone walls, contour ditches, terraces, outlets and grassed waterwyas. Gully control structures – temporary and permanent – design of permanent soil conservation structures such as chute, drop and drop inlet spillways. Design of farm ponds and percolation ponds. Principles of flood control-flood routing. Watershed Management – investigation, planning and implementation – selection of priority areas and water shed work plan, water harvesting and moisture conservation. Land development – levelling, estimation of earth volumes and costing. Wind Erosion process – design fo shelter belts and wind brakes and their management. Forest (Conservation) Act,
• Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing : Basic characteristics of photographic images, interpretation keys, equipment for interpretation, imagery interpretation for land use, geology, soil and forestry.
• Remote sensing – merits and demerits of conventional and remote sensing approaches. Types of satellite images, fundamentals of satellite image interpretation, teachniques of visual and digital interpretations for soil, water and land use management. Use of GIS in planning and development of watersheds, forests including forest cover, water resources etc.
• Irrigation and Drainage : Sources of water for irrigation. Planning and design of minor irrigation projects. Techniques of measuring soil moisture – laboratory and in situ, Soil- water plant relationships. Water requirement of crops. Planning conjunctive use of surface and ground weater. Measurement of irrigation water, measuring devices – orifices, weirs and flumes. Methods of irrigation – surface, sprinkler and drip, fertigation. Irrigation efficiencies and their estimation. Design and construction of canals, field channels, underground pipelines, head-gates, diversion boxes and structures for road crossing.
• Occurrence of ground water, hydraulics of wells, types of wells (tube wells and open wells) and their construction. Well development and testing. Pumps-types, selection and installation. Rehabilitation of sick and failed wells.
• Drainage causes of waterlogging and salt problem. Methods of drainage— drainage of irrigated and unirrigated lands, design of surface, sub-surface and vertical drainage systems. Improvement and utilization of poor quality water. Reclamation of saline and alkali soils. Economics of irrigation and drainage systems. Use of waste water for irrigation — standards of waste water for sustained irrigation, feasibility and economics.
• Agricultural Structures : Site selection, design and construction of farmstead – farm house, cattle shed, dairy bam, poultry shed, hog housing, machinery and implement shed, storage structures for food grains, feed and forage. Design and consturction of fences and farm roads. Structures for plant environment – green houses, poly houses and shade houses. Common building materials used in construction – timber, brick, stone, tiles, concrete etc and their properties. Water supply, drainage and sanitation system.

Section B

1. Farm Power and Machinery : Agricultural mechanization and its scope. Sources of farm power – animate and electro-mechanical. Thermodynamics, construction and working of internal combustion engines. Fuel, ignition, lubrication, cooling and governing system of IC engines. Different types of tractors and power tillers. Power tramsmission, ground drive, power take off (p.t.o.) and control systems. Operation and maintenance of farm machinery for primary and secondary tillage. Traction theory. Sowing transplanting and interculture implements and tools. Plant protection equipment – spraying and dusting. Harvesting, threshing and combining equipment. Machinery for earth moving and land development – methods and cost estimation. Ergonomics of man-machine system. Machinery for horticulture and agro-forestry, feeds and forages. Haulage of agricultural and forest produce.
2. Agro-energy : Energy requirements of agricultural operations and agro-processing. Selection, installation, safety and maintenance of electric motors for agricultural applications. Solar (thermal and photovoltoic), wind and bio-gas energy and their utilization in agriculture. Gasification of biomass for running IC engines and for electric power generation. Energy efficient cooking stoves and alternate cooking fuels. Distribution of electricity for agricultural and agro-industrial applications.
3. Agricultural Process Engineering : Post harvest technology of crops and its scope. Engineering properties of agricultural produces and by-products. Unit operations – clearning grading, size reduction, densification, concentration, drying/dehydration, evaporation, filtration, freezing and packaging of agricultural produces and by-products. Material handling equipment – belt and screw conveyors, bucket elevators, their capacity and power requirement.
4. Processing of milk and dairy products – homogenization, cream separation, pasteurization, sterilization, spray and roller drying, butter making, ice cream, cheese and shrikhand manufacture. Waste and by-product utilization – rice husk, rice bran, sugarcane bagasse, plant residues and coir pith.
5. Instrumentation and computer applications in Agricultural Engineering : Electronic devices and their characteristics – rectifiers, amplifiers, oscillators, multivibrators. Digital circuits — sequential and combinational system. Application of microprocessors in data acquisition and control of agricultural engineering processes- measurement systems for level, flow, strain, force, torque, power, pressure, vaccum and temperature. Computers — introduction, input/output devices, central processing unit, memory devices, operating systems, processors, keyboards and printers. Algorithms, flowchart specification, programme translation and problem analysis in Agricultural Engineering. Multimedia and Audio-Visual aids.

Chemical Engineering

Section A

• Fluid and Particle Dynamics -Viscosity of fluids. Laminar and turbulent flows. Equation of continuity and Navier-Stokes equition-Bernoulli’s theorem. Flow meters. Fluid drag and pressure drop due to friction, Reynold’s Number and friction factor – effect of pipe roughness. Economic pipe diameter. Pumps, water, air/steam jet ejectors, compressors, blowers and fans. Agitation and mixing of liquids. Mixing of solids and pastes. Crushing and Grinding – principles and equipment.
• Rittinger’s and Bond’s laws. Filtration and filtration equipment. Fluid-particle mechanics – free and hindered settling. Fluidisation and minimum fluidization velocity, concepts of compressible and incompressible flow. Transport of Solids.
• Mass Transfer –Molecular diffusion coefficients, First and second law and diffusion, mass transfer coefficients, film and penetration theories of mass transfer. Distillation, simple  distillation, relative volatility, fractional distillation, plate and packed columns for distillation. Calculation of theoretical number of plates. Liquid-liquid equilibria. Extraction – theory and practice; Design of gas-absorption columns. Drying. Humidification, dehumidification. Crystallisation. Design of equipment.
• Heat Taransfer –Conduction, thermal conductivity, extended surface heat transfer. Convection free and forced. Heat transfer coefficients – Nusselt Number. LMTD and effectiveness. NTU methods for the design of Double Pipe and Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers. Analogy between heat and momentum transfer. Boiling and condensation heat transfer. Single and multiple-effect evaporators. Rediation – Stefan-Boltzman Law, emissivity and absorptivity. Calculation of heat load of a furnace. Solar heaters.

• Noval Separation Processes –Equilibrium separation processes – ion-exchange, osmosis, electro-dialysis, reverse osmosis, ultra-filtration and other membrane processes. Molecular distillation. super critical fluid extraction.

• Process Equipment Design –Fractors affecting vessel design criteria – Cost considerations. Design of storage vessels-vertical, horizontal spherical, underground tanks for atmospheric and higher pressure. Design of closures flat and eliptical head. Design of supports. Materials of construction-characteristics and selection.

• Process Dynamics and Control –Measuring instruments for process variables like level, pressure, flow, temperature pH and concentration with indication in visual/pneumatic/analog/digital signal forms. Control variable, manipulative variable and load variables. Linear control theory-Laplace, transforms. PID controllers. Block diagram represenation transient and frequency response, stability of closed loop system. Advanced control strategies. Computer based process control.

Section B

• Material and Energy Balances –Material and energy balance calculations in processes with recycle/bypass/purge. Combustion of solid/liquid/gaseous fuels, stoichiometric relationships and excess air requirements. Adiabatic flame temperature.

• Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics –Laws of thermodynamics. PVT relationships for pure components and mixtures. Energy functions and inter-relationships – Maxwell’s relations. Fugacity, activity and chemical potential. Vapour-liquid equilibria, for ideal/non-ideal, single and multi component systems. eriteria for chemical reaction equilibrium, equilibrium constant and equillibrium conversions. Thermodynamic cycles – refrigeration and power.

• Chemical Reaction Engineering : –Batch reactors – kinetics of homogeneous reactions and interpretation of kinetic data. Ideal flow reactors – CSTR, plug flow reactors and their perofrmance equations. Temperature effects and run-away reactions. Heterogeneous reactions – catalytic and non-catalytic and gas-solid and gas-liquid reactions. Intrinsic kinetics and global rate concept. Importance of interphase and intraparticle mass transfer on performance. Effectiveness factor. Isothermal and non-isothermal reactors and reactor stability.

• Chemical Technology –Natural organic products – Wood and wood-based chemicals, pulp and paper, Agro industries – sugar, Edible oils extraction (including tree based seeds), Soaps and detergents. Essential oils – Biomass gasification (including biogas). Coal and coal chemical. Petroleium and Natural gas-Petroleum refining (Atomospheric distillation/cracking/reforming) – Petrochemical industries – Polyethylenes (LDPE/HDPE/LLDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride, Polystyrene. Ammonia manufacture. Cement and lime industries. Paints and varnishes. Glass and ceremics. Fermentation – alcohol and antibiotics.

• Environmental Engineering and Safety –Ecology and Environment. Sources of pollutants in air and water. Green house effect, ozone layer depletion, acid rain. Micrometeorology and dispersion of pollutants in environment. Measurement techniques of pollutant levels and their control strategies. Solid wastes, their hazards and their disposal techniques. Design and performance analysis of pollution control equipment. Fire and explosion hazards rating – HAZOP and HAZAN. Emergency planning, disaster management. Environmental legislations – water, air environment protection Acts. Forest (Conservation) Act.

• Process Engineering Economics : –Fixed and working capital requirement for a process industry and estimation methods. Cost estimation and comparison of alternatives. Net present value by discounted cash flow. Pay back analysis. IRR, Depreciation, taxes and insurance. Break- even point analysis. Project scheduling – PERT and CPM. Profit and loss account, balance sheet and financial statement. Plant location and plant layout including piping.

Civil Engineering

Section-A

• Engineering Mechanics, Strength of Materials and Structural Analysis.
• Engineering Mechanics : Units and Dimensions, SI Units, Vectors, Concept of Force, Concept of particle and rigid body. Concurrent, Non Concurrent and parallel forces in a plane, moment of force and Varignon’s theorem, free body diagram, conditions of equilibrium, Principle of virtual work, equivalent force system.
• First and Second Moment of area, Mass moment of Inertia. Static Friction, Inclined Plane and bearings.
• Kinematics and Kinetics : Kinematics in Cartesian and Polar Co-ordinates, motion under uniform and nonuniform acceleration, motion under gravity. Kinetics of particle : Momentum and Energy principles, D’ Alembert’s Principle, Collision of elastic bodies, rotation of rigid bodies, simple harmonic motion, Flywheel.
• Strength of Materials : Simple Stress and Strain, Elastic constants, axially loaded compression members, Shear force and bending moment, theory of simple bending, Shear Stress distribution across cross sections, Beams of uniform strength, Leaf spring. Strain Energy in direct stress, bending & shear.
• Deflection of beams : Mecaulay’s method, Mohr’s Moment area method, Conjugate beam  method, unit load method. Torsion of Shafts, Transmission of power, close coiled helical springs, Elastic stability of columns, Euler’s Rankine’s and Secant formulae. Principal Stresses and Strains in two dimensions, Mohr’s Circle, Theories of Elastic Failure, Thin and Thick cylinder : Stresses due to internal and external pressure–Lame’s equations.
• Structural Analysis : Castiglianio’s theorems I and II, unit load method, method of consistent deformation applied to beams and pin jointed trusses. Slope-deflection, moment distribution, Kani’s method of analysis and column Analogy method applied to indeterminate beams and rigid frames.
• Rolling loads and Influences lines : Influences lines for Shear Force and Bending moment at a section of a beam. Criteria for maximum shear force and bending Moment in beams traversed by a system of moving loads. Influences lines for simply supported plane pin jointed trusses.
• Arches : Three hinged, two hinged and fixed arches, rib shortening and temperature effects, influence lines in arches.
• Matrix methods of analysis : Force method and displacement method of analysis of indeterminate beams and rigid frames.
• Plastic Analysis of beams and frames : Theory of plastic bending, plastic analysis, statical method, Mechanism method.
• Unsymmetrical bending : Moment of inertia, product of inertia, position of Neutral Axis and Principle axes, calculation of bending stresses.
• Design of Structures : Steel, Concrete and Masonry Structures. Structural Steel Design :
• Structural Steel : Factors of safety and load factors. Rivetted, bolted and welded joints and connections. Design of tension and compression members, beams of built up section, rivetted and welded plate girders, gantry girders, stancheons with battens and lacings, slab and gussetted column bases.
• Design of highway and railway bridges : Through and deck type plate girder, Warren girder, Pratt truss.
• Design of Concrete and Masonry Structures : Concept of mix design. Reinforced Concrete : Working Stress and Limit State method of design–Recommendations of I.S. codes design of one way and two way slabs, stair-case slabs, simple and continuous beams of rectangular, T and L sections. Compression members under direct load with or without eccentricity, Isolated and combined footings.
• Cantilever and Counterfort type retaining walls.
• Water tanks : Design requirements for Rectangular and circular tanks resting on ground.
• Prestressed concrete : Methods and systems of prestressing, anchorages, Analysis and design of sections for flexure based on working stress, loss of prestress.
• Design of brick masonry as per I.S. Codes Design of masonry retaining walls.
• Fluid Mechanics, Open Channel Flow and Hydraulic Machines
• Fluid Mechanics : Fluid properties and their role in fluid motion, fluid statics including forces acting on plane and curve surfaces.
• Kinematics and Dynamics of Fluid flow : Velocity and accelerations, stream lines, equation of continuity, irrotational and rotational flow, velocity potential and stream functions, flownet, methods of drawing flownet, sources and sinks, flow separation, free and forced vortices.
• Control volume equation, continuity, momentum, energy and moment of momentum equations from control volume equation, Navier-Stokes equation, Euler’s equation of motion, application to fluid flow problems, pipe flow, plane, curved, stationary and moving vanes, sluice gates, weirs, orifice meters and Venturi meters.
• Dimensional Analysis and Similitude : Buckingham’s Pi-theorem, dimensionless parameters, similitude theory, model laws, undistorted and distorted models.
• Laminar Flow : Laminar flow between parallel, stationary and moving plates, flow through tube.
• Boundary layer : Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, laminar sublayer, smooth and rough boundaries, drag and lift.
• Turbulent flow through pipes : Characteristics of turbulent flow, velocity distribution and  variation of pipe friction factor, hydraulic grade line and total energy line, siphons, expansion and contractions in pipes, pipe networks, water hammer in pipes and surge tanks.
• Open channel flow : Uniform and non-uniform flows, momentum and energy correction factors, specific energy and specific force, critical depth, resistance equations and variation of roughness coefficient, rapidly varied flow, flow in contractions, flow at sudden drop, hydraulic jump and its applications surges and waves, gradually varied flow, classification of surface profiles, control section, step method of integration of varied flow equation, moving surges and hydraulic bore.
• Hydraulic Machines and Hydropower :
• Centrifugal pumps–Types, characteristics, Net Positive Suction Height (NPSH), specific speed. Pumps in parallel.
• Reciprocating pumps, Airvessels, Hydraulic ram, efficiency parameters, Rotary and positive displacement pumps, diaphragm and jet pumps.
• Hydraulic turbines, types classification, Choice of turbines, performance parameters, controls, characteristics, specific speed.
• Principles of hydropower development. Type, layouts and Component works. Surge tanks, types and choice. Flow duration curves and dependable flow. Storage an pondage. Pumped storage plants. Special features of mini, micro-hydel plants.
• Geo Technical Engineering
• Types of soil, phase relationships, consistency limits particles size distribution, classifications of soil, structure and clay mineralogy.
• Capillary water and structural water, effective stress and pore water pressure, Darcy’s Law, factors affecting permeability, determination of permeability, permeability of stratified soil deposits.
• Seepage pressure, quick sand condition, compressibility and consolidation, Terzaghi’s theory of one dimensional consolidation, consolidation test.
• Compaction of soil, field control of compaction. Total stress and effective stress parameters, pore pressure coefficients.
• Shear strength of soils, Mohr Coulomb failure theory, Shear tests.
• Earth pressure at rest, acive and passive pressures, Rankine’s theory, Coulomb’s wedge theory, earth pressure on retaining wall, sheetpile walls, Braced excavation.
• Bearing capacity, Terzaghi and other important theories, net and gross bearing pressure. Immediate and consolidation settlement.
• Stability of slope, Total Stress and Effective Stress methods, Conventional methods of slices, stability number.
• Subsurface exploration, methods of boring, sampling, penetration tests, pressure meter tests.
• Essential features of foundation, types of foundation, design criteria, choice of type of foundation, stress distribution in soils, Boussinessq’s theory, Newmarks’s chart, pressure bulb, contact pressure, applicability of different bearing capacity theories, evaluation of bearing capacity from field tests, allowable bearing capacity, Settlement analysis, allowable settlement.
• Proportioning of footing, isolated and combined footings, rafts, buoyancy rafts, Pile foundation, types of piles, pile capacity, static and dynamic analysis, design of pile groups, pile load test, settlement of piles, lateral capacity. Foundation for Bridges. Ground improvement techniques– preloading, sand drains, stone column, grouting, soil stabilisation.

Section -B

• Construction Technology : Construction Technology, Equipment, Planning and Management
• Engineering Materiels : Physical properties of construction materials : Stones, Bricks and Tiles; Lime, Cement and Surkhi Mortars; Lime Concrete and Cement Concrete, Properties of freshly mixed and hardened concrete, Flooring Tiles, use of ferro-cement, fibre-reinforced and polymer concrete, high strength concrete and light weight concrete. Timber : Properties and uses; defects in timber; seasoning and preservation of timber. Plastics, rubber and damp-proofing materials, termite proofing, Materials, for Low cost housing.
• Construction : Building components and their functions; Brick masonry : Bonds, jointing. Stone masonry. Design of Brick masonry walls as per I.S. codes, factors of safety, serviceability and strength requirements; plastering, pointing. Types of Floors & Roofs. Ventilators, Repairs in buildings.
• Functional planning of building : Building orientation, circulation, grouping of areas, privacy concept and design of energy efficient building; provisions of National Building Code. Building estimates and specifications; Cost of works; valuation.
• Construction Equipment : Standard and special types of equipment, Preventive maintenance and repair, factors affecting the selection of equipment, economical life, time and motion study, capital and maintenance cost. Concreting equipments ,Earth-work equipment
• Construction Planning and Management : Construction activity, schedules, job layout, bar charts, organization of contracting firms, project control and supervision. Cost reduction  measures.
• Newwork analysis : CPM and PERT analysis, Float Times, cashing of activities, contraction of network for cost optimization, up dating, Cost analysis and resource allocation.
• Survey and Transportation Engineering
• Survey : Common methods of distance and angle measurements, plane table survey, levelling traverse survey, triangulation survey, corrections, and adjustments, contouring,  topographical map. Surveying instruments for above purposes. Tacheometry. Circular and transition curves. Principles of photogrammetry.
• Railways : Permanent way, sleepers, rail fastenings, ballast, points and crossings, design of turn outs, stations and yards, turntables, signals, and interlocking, level-crossing. Construction and maintenance of permanent ways : Superelevation, creep of rail, ruling gradient, track resistance, tractive effort, relaying of track.
• Highway Engineering : Principles of highway planning, Highway alignments. Geometrical design Cross section, camber, super elevation, horizontal and vertical curves. Classification of roads : low cost roads, flexible pavements, rigid pavements. Design of pavements and their construction, evaluation of pavement failure and strengthening. .
• Traffic Engineering : Forecasting techniques, origin and destination survey, highway capacity. Channelised and unchannelised intersections, rotary design elements, markings, sign, signals, street lighting; Traffic surveys. Principle of highway financing.
• Hydrology, Water Resources and Engineering : Hydrological cycle, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, depression storage, infiltration, overland flow, hydrograph, flood frequency analysis, flood estimation, flood routing through a reservoir, channel flow routing-Muskingam method.
• Ground water flow : Specific yield, storage coefficient, coefficient of permeability, confined and unconfined aquifers, aquitards, radial flow into a well under confined and unconfined conditions, tube wells, pumping and recuperation tests, ground water potential.
• Water Resources Engineering : Ground and surface water resource, single and multipurpose projects, storage capacity of reservoirs, reservoir losses, reservoir sedimentation, economics of water resources projects.
• Irrigation Engineering : Water requirements of crops : consumptive use, quality of water for irrigation, duty and delta, irrigation methods and their efficiencies.
• Canals : Distribution systems for canal irrigation, canal capacity, canal losses, alignment of main and distributory canals, most efficient section, lined canals, their design, regime theory, critical
• shear stress, bed load, local and suspended load transport, cost analysis of lined and unlined canals, drainage behind lining.
• Water logging : causes and control, drainage system design, salinity.
• Canal structures : Design of cross regulators, head regulators, canal falls, aqueducts, metering flumes and canal outlets.
• Diversion head work : Principles and design of weirs of permeable and impermeable foundation, Khosla’s theory, energy dissipation, stilling basin, sediment excluders.
• Storage works : Types of dams, design, principles of rigid gravity and earth dams, stability analysis, foundation treatment, joints and galleries, control of seepage.
• Spillways : Spillway types, crest gates, energy dissipation.
• River training : Objectives of river training, methods of river training.
• Environmental Engineering
• Water Supply : Estimation of surface and subsurface water resources, predicting demand for water, impurities, of water and their significance, physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis, waterborne diseases, standards for potable water.
• Intake of water : pumping and gravity schemes. Water treatment : principles of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation; slow-; rapid-, pressure-, filters; chlorination, softening, removal of taste, odour and salinity.
• Water storage and distribution : storage and balancing reservoirs : types, location and capacity. Distribution system : layout, hydraulics of pipe lines, pipe fittings, valves including check and pressure reducing valves, meters, analysis of distribution systems, leak detection, maintenance of distribution systems, pumping stations and their operations.
• Sewage systems : Domestic and industrial wastes, storm sewage–separate and combined systems, flow through sewers, design of sewers, sewer appurtenances, manholes, inlets, junctions, siphon. Plumbing in public buildings.
• Sewage characterisation : BOD, COD, solids, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and TOC. Standards of disposal in normal water course and on land.
• Sewage treatment : Working principles, units, chambers, sedimentation tanks, trickling filters, oxidation ponds, activated sludge process, septic tank, disposal of sludge, recycling of waste water.
• Environmental pollution : Sustainable development. Radioactive wastes and disposal. Environmental impact assessment for thermal power plants, mines, river valley projects. Air pollution. Pollution control acts.

Computer Engineering

Section A

1. Software Engineering

• Software development process: Software life cycle models, specification design tools,  software design objectives, documentation, configuration management, S/W reliability, safety, risk assessment and maintenance. Software estimation techniques, loc and FP estimation. Empirical models like COCOMO. Project tracking and scheduling. Reverse engineering.
• Software requirements and specifications, requirement analysis models.
• Software design and implementation (OOD,JSD), implementation strategies (top-down, bottom-up, team) and issues, reuse, performance improvement, debugging and antibugging.
• Verification, validation, testing and maintenance: Verification and validation techniques (pre/post -conditions, invariant, proof of correctness), code and design reading, structured  walk through, testing (test plan, white/black box testing, unit and integration testing, regression testing, test case design and acceptance testing) and maintenance activities.
• Code sharing, software components, rapid prototyping, specialization, construction, class extensions, intelligent software agents.
• Introduction to CASE tools.
• Social, legal and ethical implications of computing. Advanced computer architecture
• Introduction to parallel processing, Pipelined and vector processors, SIMD and MIMD computers, Multi processor architecture, Data driven coupling, data flow computer architecture.Parallel algorithms, detection of parallelism, local balancing, communication and synchronization, features of typical ,parallel languages, monitors and operating systems.
• Lexical analysis: Some sophisticated pattern matching algorithms and their optimization, use of LEX.
• Error recovery: Detection, reporting, recovery and repair of errors in the compilation process. Syntax analysis: Canonical LR prasers, handling of ambiguous grammars, error reporting in LL (1), operator precedence and LR parsing, efficient generation of LALR (1) sets, optimization of LR parsers, optimization of transformations.
• Run time storage: Activation records, handling recursive calls, management of variable length blocks, garbage collection and
• compaction, allocation strategies for arrays, structures, class.
• Type checking: Overloading of functions and operators, polymorphic functions, unification algorithm.
• Code generation and semantic analysis: Semantic stacks, attributed translation, analysis of syntax, directed translation,
• evaluation of expressions, control structures, procedure calls.
• Code optimization: Basic blocks and folding, optimization within iterative loops, global optimization through flow graph analysis, code-improving transformations, machine dependent optimization.
• Compiler-Compilers: Parser generators, YACC attributed LL (1) parser generator, machine independent code generation.

• Other topics: Compilers for parallel machines, compilers for functional languages.
• Data communication
• Elements Of Communication Systems: Communication channel and their characteristics. Elements of Signals: Classification of systems, LTI systems and reconstruction method, Review of probability and random variables, probability density function, description of random processes in the frequency domain, Gaussian and White processes.
• Modeling of Information sources: Measure of information, source coding techniques like Huffman code, Lempel – Ziv Code, Block Code & Cyclic codes, Quantisation, Pulse Code,
• DPCM, Multiplexers and multiplexing PCM signals, Delta Modulation and
• adaptive delta modulation, Frequency division multiplexing, synchronous TDM and statistical TDM.
• Modulation: its need, basic PAM techniques, Binary PSK, DPSK, QPSK
• Broadband Signal Receiver: Probability of error, filtering, correlation type demodulator, matched filter demodulator, coherent detector, correlation, errors in binary & M-ary modulation, PAM with ISI.
• Noise calculations in digital communication systems.,Introduction to equalizations, Introduction to data compression techniques. ,Relay and Cell relay techniques.
• Digital signal Processing
• Discrete Time Signals and Systems: Discrete time signal sequences, Linear Shift Invariant system, Stability, Linear Constant
• Coefficient difference equations, Frequency domain representation of discrete time systems and signals, symmetry properties of Fourier Transform, Sampling of continuous time signal, Two dimensional sequences and system.
• Transform: Z-transform, Inverse z transform theorem and properties, System functions, Two-dimensional transforms.
• The Discrete Fourier Transform: Representation of periodic sequences, The Discrete Fourier Series, Properties of the discrete
• Fourier series, Sampling the z-transform, Fourier representation of finite deviation sequences, the discrete fourier transform, properties of the DFT, Linear convolution using the DFT, two dimensional DFT.
• Flow   Graph   and   Matrix   Representation   of   Digital   Filters:    Signal flow graph representation of digital networks, Matrix representation of digital networks, Basic network structures for IIR, Transposed forms, Basic network structures for FIR systems, Parameter Quantization effects, Tellegen’s theorem for digital filters and its applications.
• Digital Filter Design Techniques: Design of IIR digital filters from analog filters, Properties of FIR digital filters, Design of FIR filters using windows, Comparison of IIR and FIR filters.
• Computation of The Discrete Fourier Transform: Goertzel’s Algorithm, Decimation in time algorithms, Decimation in frequency algorithms, FFT algorithms for a N composite number, General computational considerations in FFT algorithms, Chirps Z transform algorithm.
• Discrete Hilbert Transform: Real and Imaginary part sufficiency for causal sequences, Minimum phase condition, Hilbert Transform relation for the DFT and the complex sequences.

• Operating Systems : Introduction to history of operating systems :Processes and  Interprocess communication:,Memory management ,File systems
• Deadlocks : Conditions, modeling, detection and recovery, deadlock avoidance, deadlock presentation.

• Case studies : Unix : Implementation of processes, memory model, file systems, deadlock handling,
• Strategies, scheduling, IPC, system calls.
• WINDOWS 2000 Server Technology: Layered structure, interopretability.
• Distributed Systems : Introduction to H/W and S/W concepts in distributed systems, network operating systems and NFS, NFS, architecture and protocol, client-server model, distributed file systems,

• Database Management System
• Basic Concepts, Database system architecture. Entity Relationship Model ,Relational Model.
• Crash Recovery: Failure verification, storage hierarchy, transaction model, log-based recovery, buffer management, and checkpoints.
• Concurrency Control: Schedules, serializability, log based protocols.
• Transaction Recovery: Storage model, recovery from transaction failure, deadlock handling. Security & Integrity: Security & integrity violation, authorization & views, security systems in SQL, encryption.
• Heiracheal Model: Architecture, data structure, external level, data manipulation, internal level, and logical databases.
• Network Model: Architecture, data structure, external level, and data manipulation. Selection of DBMS, Introduction to OODB, distributed DB, temporal DB, and active DB.
• Computer organization : General organization of a digital computer, functional blocks, data representation, fixed and floating point decimal arithmetic, bit slice microprocessor (introduction), full adders, ripple carry adders, look ahead carry generators, multiplicationand division circuits, an arithmetic unit.
  • Instruction cycle, instruction sequencing, formats and its interpretation, microprogram concepts and control unit design.
  • Semiconductor memory and memory organization, virtual memory, segments, pages, paged segments, cache memory and interleaved memory.
  • Concepts of I/O organization, data transfer methods, programmed I/O, DMA, interrupt-based transfer, I/O channels, I/O processors, serial transmission and synchronization.
  • Introduction to assembly level programming – concepts of assemblers, macros, linkers, and loaders, linking loaders.
  • Multiprogramming and time-sharing, introduction to advanced computer architecture (pipelining, array processors & multiprocessors).
  • Introduction to operating systems. Case study (comparative) of DOS & UNIX.

Section-B

• Computer Networks & Communication: OSI and DOD model Seven layers model, LAN, MAN ,WAN,Routing,Switching, ISDN,X.25, Frame Realy
• Object oriented programming methodology
• Introduction to object oriented programming, it’s need and requirements, general object oriented philosophy, software usability, code sharing, rapid prototyping, information hiding. Classes, attributes and methods, encapsulation, constructor, destuctors, iterator classes, class interface.
• Function overloading, inline, functi ons, operators & operator overloading, iterators. Inheritance base class, derived classes, friend class, static class, type checking, class scopes. Multiple inheritance & polymorphism, abstract classes, virtual function, virtual base class, static & dynamic binding, overloading, overriding type conversions.
• Object oriented design, class identification, defining inheritance, visibility & dependency coupling & cohesion.
• Case study of classes like ADT class, I/O class, string class, editor class. Language study: C++, object Pascal.
• Discrete Structure

• Introduction to sets: Review only.
• Logic : Propositions and logical operations, Truth tables, Equivalence and implication, Laws of logic, Mathematical induction and quantifiers.
• Set theory : Method of proof for set, Venn diagram, set membership tables, definitions, Laws of set theory, Partition of sets.
• Permutations, combinations and discrete probability :
• Introduction to permutations and combinations, Generation of permutation and combination, Discrete probability, Conditional probability.
• Relations and Diagraphs :
• Relations and diagraphs., Paths and the relations and diagraphs, Properties of relations, Equivalence relations, Computer representation of relations and diagraphs, Manipulation of relations, Transitive closure, Warshall’s algorithm.
• Function and pigeon hole principle :
• Definition, Types of functions: injective, surjective, bijective, Composition, identity and inverse, Pigeon hole principle.
• Graphs , Posets, Hasse Diagram, Lattices,Finite Boolean Algebra, Groups & their Applications, Introduction to Rings & Fields.
• Computer Graphics

• Introduction: Application areas, display devices and hard copy devices, interactive input devices, display processors, co-ordinate systems, vector generation.
• Raster Algorithms: Line drawing algorithms — DDA and Bresenham’s algorithm, and aliasing techniques, circle generation algorithm, ellipses and other curves generation, style primitives and display processor interface, area filling-scan line algo, boundary fill and flood fill techniques, text generation and display processor interface.
• Geometric transformations in 2D : basic transformations, world, NDC, device and homogeneous co-ordinate systems, composite transformations.
• Windowing and clipping: Windowing concepts, window view part transformation algorithms, line clipping algorithms like Cohen-Sutherland and Liang and Barsky, area chipping methods like Sutherland and Holgman.
• Segmentation: Segments, segment files, segmented display processor, segment attributes.
• Graphics hardware: Display controller, use of DAC and buffer organization.
• Introduction to 3-D: 3D co-ordinate system, 3D display techniques, and 3D transformations. Three-dimensional                representations:     Modeling    polygon     and    curved    surfaces,    sweep representations, CSG and B- rep techniques.
• 3D viewing: Projection methods, viewing transformations, chipping in 3D.
• Image synthesis: Hidden line and hidden surface removed techniques like back-face depth buffer method, scan line method, arc subdivision method, ochre methods.
• Light and shading: Illumination theory, reflections, textures and surface patterns, shadows, half toning surface shading methods, Gounand shading, Phang shading, Ray tracing.
• User interfaces: Interactive input techniques, physical device classification, interactive picture contraction techniques, positioning methods, constraints, grids and field input functions, event handle, design of user interface command language, mean design, output formats.

• Principles of Communication Engineering

• Signals and their representations:Fourier series, Fourier transform, continuous spectra, frequency selective networks and transformers.
• Basic Information Theory:Information , entropy of discrete systems, rate of transmission, redundancy, efficiency and channel capacity.
• Amplitude Modulation:Frequency spectrum, power relations, basic requirements and description of various modulators, comparison. DSB, DSBSC, SSB,VSB, spectrum modulators and detectors.
• Frequency Modulation: Frequency spectrum of FM, phase modulation, effect of noise, generation of FM and demodulators.
• Pulse Modulation: Sampling theorem, low pass and band pass signals, elements of PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM and Delta, Modulation. FDM,TDM.A.M. and FM radio transmitters and receivers. Characteristics, block diagrams.

• Logic Circuits
• Number systems and codes: Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal number systems. Conversion from any base to another base number system. Binary, BCD, Excess-3, Alphanumeric, EBCDIC, Hollerith, ASCII codes, code conversion, error detecting and correcting codes, parity and Hamming codes.
• Binary Arithmetic: Basic rules for addition and multiplication. Sign magnitude notation, One’s complement notation. Two’s complement notation. Addition and multiplication using binary, octal and hexadecimal number systems.
• Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates: Boolean algebra theorems, reduction of logic expressions using boolean algebra, truth tables,minterms, maxterms, SOP and POS forms. Standard SOP and POS forms. Basic and universal logic gates, control aspect of gates,
• enabling and disabling of gates. K map representation of logical functions, simplification of logic functions using K-maps upto 6 variables. Quine McCluskey method and Veitch diagrams used for logic function reduction.
• Combinational Logic Circuits: Concepts of combinational and sequential logic circuits. Realisation of following circuits using gates.:

• Systems implementing combinational logic.
  • Arithmetic circuits, half and full adders, subtractors, multipliers, code converters, parity generators, parity checkers, comparators.
  • Multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoder, decoder.,(d) Concept of mode control

• (e) Application of MSI devices for multiplexer, demultiplexer/decoder, parity generator/checker, concept of capacity, expansion using gates. Use of MSI devices for adders, Sequential adder, BCD adder / subtractor, carry look ahead adder,multiplier, fast multipliers, Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Sequential Circuits: Concept of Synchronous and Asynchronous operation, Flip Flops : triggering and edge triggering , flip flop excitation tables, triggering and timing of flip flops.
• (b) Registers: (c) Analysis of clocked sequential circuits,(d) Asynchronous counters: up-down counters, modulo N counter, glitch problem.,(e) Synchronous counters: Use of K- maps for synchronous counters, ring counters, twisted ring counters, counters using shift registers, sequence generators using flip flops.

• C Programming Features of C, ANSI C, structure of a C program. Control structures and looping, Functions, Function Scope Arrays, Pointers, Structures and Unions.

• Memory Management    and File Management : Low level and high level file access. Sequential and random access files, error handling.
• Pre processor : macro substitution, header file inclusion, study of standard libraries

• Computer methodology and algorithms

• SORTING ,Searching
• Stacks and Queues and Linked Lists, Trees :
• Graph : Representation, Transitive Closure or path matrix, Graph Traversal, Shortest path problem, minimal cost spanning tree, Backtracking and greedy algorithms.
• Matrix Operations: Strassen’s Matrix Multiplication, LU decomposition matrix, Sparse matrices.
• Algorithms and its Efficiency
• Hash functions, collision handling techniques, array representation, evaluation of expression in Postfix form, Infix to Postfix conversion.

5 (5). Electrical engineering